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Phosphogypsum is a waste by-product from the processing of phosphate rock in plants producing phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers, such as superphosphate. The wet chemical phosphoric acid treatment process, or 'wet process', in which phosphate ore is digested with sulfuric acid, is widely used to produce phosphoric acid and calcium sulfate, mainly in dihydrate form (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O):
Sodic Soils. Sodic soils have an ESP >15, the EC e is <4 dS m −1, and the lower limit of the saturation extract SAR is 13. Consequently, Na + is the major problem in these soils. The high amount of Na + in these soils, along with the low EC e, results in dispersion. Clay dispersion occurs when the electrolyte concentration decreases below the ...
land soils. For organic soils or soils of very different mineralogy or magnetic properties, these estimates may be inappropriate. For such soils, appropriate values for p,, EC, and e~,, will need to be determined using analogous techniques to those used by Rhoades, et al. (1989a).
To study the genesis, characteristics and reclamation of sodic soils Sodic soils - Definition Alkali or sodic soil is defined as a soil having a conductivity of the saturation extract less than 4 dS m-1 and an exchangeable sodium percentage greater than 15. The pH is usually between 8.5 – 10.0.
Success in reclaiming non-irrigated sodic or saline-sodic soils with gypsum application may be possible on coarse textured soils that receive precipitation in excess of soil water holding capacity. Remember: 1. Adding sulfur products only makes sense when: a) a soil is sodic and has free lime present or, when b) a soil is basic (high pH).
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation and road salt
Dec 05, 2013· • Saline soils causes a 'chemical drought' in soils but sodic soils does not. • Sodic soils cause waterlogging but saline soils does not. • Salinity protects the integrity of soil in contrast to sodicity which destroys the structure of soil by causing dispersion. • Sodicity in soil is easier to correct than high salinity levels in ...
Yadav (1973) presented data on the effect of gypsum and sulphuric acid applied at 80 percent of the laboratory estimated gypsum requirements and in chemically equivalent quantities on crop yields in a highly sodic soil. pH and ESP of the surface soil of the experimental field varied between 9.1 to 9.8 and 41 to 60, respectively.
Nov 29, 2018· 11.1.2 Saline-Sodic Soils. Saline-sodic soils contain sufficient soluble salts (ECe ≥ 4 dS m −1) to interfere with the growth of most crop plants and sufficient ESP (≥ 15) to affect the soil properties and plant growth adversely, primarily by the degradation of soil structure. The pHs may be less or more than 8.5. 11.1.3 Sodic Soils
reclamation of saline-sodic and sodic soils. Gypsum [2] and organic matter [3] are some of the amendments which have been used. Gypsum is the most commonly used amendment for sodic soil reclamation and for reducing the harmful effects of high sodium irrigation water sin agricultural areas because of its solubility, low-
These soils cover a range of soils defined as saline, saline–sodic and sodic. 354 SOIL SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION According to one estimate (Mandal et al. 2010), an area of 6.74 Mha in India ...
Gypsum + sodic soil -----calcium soil + sodium sulfate The reclamation process is not complete until most of the sodium is removed from the soil below the rooting depth. Time is required for soils to react and rebuild soil structure. The amount of time is dependent upon the site.
Reclamation of sodic soils has traditionally been undertaken using calculation of gypsum or Ca requirement assuming exchange efficiency and neglect of the contribution of calcium carbonate in the profile. The UNSATCHEM model is reviewed and then evaluated for its ability to predict field reclamation of a sodic saline soil.
Donald L. Sparks, in Environmental Soil Chemistry (Second Edition), 2003. Saline–Sodic Soils. Saline–sodic soils have an EC e >4 dS m −1 and an ESP >15. Thus, both soluble salts and exchangeable Na + are high in these soils. Since electrolyte concentration is high, the soil pH is usually <8.5 and the soil is flocculated.
Reclaiming Sodic and Saline-Sodic Soils Sodic and saline-sodic soils are reclaimed by replacing the exchangeable sodium with calcium. This is commonly accomplished by adding gypsum, since it is relatively soluble and inexpensive. However, if the soils are naturally high in calcium carbonate (lime),
Soil Solutions, LLC "Bringing Global Resources to the Marketplace." Factors Limiting Gypsum Use in Agriculture: 1.Higher margin markets for gypsum producers. (ie. drywall, etc.) 2.Ag Gypsum is more difficult to spread than fertilizer. 3.Low margin product for ag retailers.
-and poor soil structure –Na+ causes soil to be in a dispersed condition due to the large hydrated radius of Na+ • Black alkali soils - dispersed humus Figure 10.7 Saline Soils pH < 8.5 Normal soils pH (< 8.5 Saline-sodic Soils (soil pH generally < 8.5) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 E C d S/ c m 0 10 13 20 30 40 50 (SAR) 0 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 (ESP ...
The gypsum requirement (GR, metric ton per ha) to reclaim a sodic soil can be calculated by calculated by (Keren and Miyamoto, 2012): GR (ton/ha) = 86.1 X 10-6 ΔNa. Gypsum has no direct effect on soil pH, but it can slightly lower pH when added to soils with serious Na problems. Acids or acid-based amendments can be used to prevent or correct ...
Building Soils for Better Crops is a one-of-a-kind, practical guide to ecological soil management, now expanded and in full color. It provides step-by-step information on soil-improving practices as well as in-depth background—from what soil is to the importance of organic matter. Case studies of farmers from across the country provide inspiring examples of how soil—and whole [.]
phenomena described above on non-sodic soils, and the amelioration of this syndrome by the use of surface applied gypsum. On dispersive, highly weathered soils in Australia, gypsum significantly increases water infiltration and reduces crusting associated with dispersion-induced sealing (Loveday, 1974; Rengasamy et al., 1984).
In contrast to saline soils, sodic soils have excessive levels of sodium (Na+) adsorbed at the cation exchange sites (Figure 3). Soil sodicity causes degradation of soil structure. That process is called soil dispersion. Figure 3. Example of a sodic soil aggregate with more than 15 percent of its cation exchange sites occupied by sodium ions.
Jun 19, 2017· phate rock with sulph uric acid generates the co-products phospho ric acid and phospho-gypsum. e raw phosphate ... In saline-sodic soils of North-East China, Liu et al. ... (>90% gypsum) from the ...
May 18, 2020· soils is similar to that of saline soils except that gypsum must be added to sodic soils. 43 What are Saline-Sodic Soils. Contain salts in excess of 4,000 micromhos/cm and exchangeable Na in excess of 15 ; Have all the features of the saline soil, and if reclamation procedures are used that do not include gypsum, they will become sodic soils ...
Nov 24, 2015· Reclamation of salt affected soils 1. Types of salt affected soils Sodic soils Saline sodic Saline soils 2. contain large amounts of water-soluble salts The salts are white, chemically neutral and include the chlorides, sulfates and sometimes nitrates of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium Saline soil 3.
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